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Tachyon Flare
03-31-2003, 11:43 PM
USEFUL IDIOTS AND THE PPT

Nelson Hultberg

In my recent article on the Plunge Protection Team, I stated that discussing how the PPT could be structured was theorizing. This is important to keep in mind when dealing with the issue. We in the gold community are quite certain that the PPT exists. There is just too much circumstantial evidence to indicate otherwise. But HOW it exists, we are not so certain of.

The Federal Government is a vast hydra-headed monster engaged in countless avenues of bureaucratic exploitation, with access to thousands of amoral operatives, skilled propagandists, high-tech wizards, malevolent CIA stringers, academic collaborators, and useful idiots of the media, etc. all easily influenced by the "powers that be" to perform whatever actions they deem necessary to maintain the neo-fascist combine of corporate statism that now rules America. All pervasive control is the name of their game, and maintaining that control is the all-important purpose. Economic "stability and order" for the country (and even the world) become the justifications for whatever actions are adopted. Individual rights, constitutional legitimacy, personal freedom, and moral propriety are not concepts that these ruthless pragmatists accept, much less understand. Such notions to them are anachronistic ideas that went out with the 19th century. Just not on their cerebral radar screens. So we must expect just about anything out of these people.

This is why it is not invalid to talk about offshore front organizations and illicit purchasing of equities by secret organizations such as the PPT. Clandestine policy and murky organizations are naturals to the power lusters who wheel and deal in the labyrinthine swamps of today's Washington. This is the nature of all evolving tyrannies. They rely more and more on subterfuge rather than statesmanship, naked power rather than proper principle, and raw pragmatism rather than constitutional restraint.

It appears that my essay of March 26th, "Cornered Rats and the PPT," struck a chord throughout America and even around the world. Scores of emails began hitting my computer in the wake of its posting. And they asked some very pertinent questions -- questions that need to be answered to clear up any confusions and hopefully strengthen our case for the PPT's existence. This I will try to do in the following. I caution the reader as he reads through the answers that we are in uncharted territory here, territory that is not accepted by the establishment as even existing, and for which there is no public information whatsoever. So we are dealing in theory, or a hypothetical as the talking heads like to term it. Such theorizing is based upon a large array of circumstantial evidence, a rational appraisal of human nature, and a clear knowledge of past history. But it is still theory, and consequently it could be wrong in some of the specific details.


Questions Arising about the PPT

1) Question number one: Doesn't the PPT just operate in S&P futures, skipping in and skipping out, rather than going "net long" stocks? Consequently, wouldn't that negate any funneling of new money into the economy?

Yes it would if we assume that the PPT only operates in S&P futures. But why should we assume that the PPT only operates in futures and only skips in and out? If the Fed is empowered to purchase Treasuries as an asset publicly, why could not its PPT arm purchase corporate equities as an asset secretly from an offshore account?

The accepted assumption is that the PPT has been operating only as a "match to kindling" in the market (to use the wonderful analogy of Will Reishman at Euro Pacific Capital). That is to say the PPT merely lights the fire by intervening into a dangerous market sell-off with massive purchases of S&P longs to check the fall. This ignites short covering, which then brings in the hedge funds and other institutional money to try and catch the train before it leaves the station. A large rally ensues, and the PPT then sells its long positions into the hedge fund and institutional buying. In this way, they never go "net long" stocks. They do not accumulate inventory. Thus, they do not actually add their Fed printed "new money" to the system. So their actions are not inflationary.

This undoubtedly is the way that the PPT has been operating for the past decade; and it is probably the way they are operating today. But will it be the way they continue to operate as the economy gets weaker and weaker? Because they always sell their positions back to the hedge funds who follow them, no sustained rally can ever be created. Their selling back of their positions will always snuff out the intensity of the rally before it can begin -- at least it will in a bear market. By the looks of the Dow over the past three years, this seems to be the case. All its rallies fizzle out, so if the PPT has lit the match, it then douses the fire a week to a month later by closing out its positions. In the nineties, such match lighting strategy would result in a sustained rally because overall sentiment was still ragingly bullish. But for the past three years, such match lighting has been operating in a decidedly bearish sentiment, and thus it results only in rallies with no legs.

This creates a sideways, range-bound movement for equity prices. It still accomplishes good results as far as the PPT is concerned because it creates a floor under which prices will not be able to drop. It also makes some nice profits for the PPT, as the "black box boys" get left holding the bag at the rally top and have no one to follow them to buy their positions at the elevated prices.

This, we can be pretty certain, is the methodology of the PPT. But what if the day comes when a floor can no longer be maintained by just "lighting the match" and then selling into the hedge funds later? What if the day comes when they need something stronger, such as actually going "net long" and accumulating inventory? It should be obvious that they would not hesitate to do such a thing. These are desperate men, and since they have a printing press, why not put themselves in a position where they can buy stocks secretly via an offshore corporate front, instead of buying bonds openly through conventional market operations?

These are men who will not hesitate to recall all greenbacks and replace them with a new colored money. These are men who will not hesitate to devalue the dollar just as Argentina did if things get bad. So why not establish an offshore corporation to go net long billions in stocks BEFORE things get to the dangerous "depression stage?" Why not try and check ahead of time any danger whatsoever of deflation? Heavy deflation would require drastic hyper-inflationary measures, which would then require devaluation. Hello Argentina? Do not want to go there for sure. Would not accumulating inventory in an offshore account then be the lesser of the two evils? I have to believe that since they have a printing press, an offshore account, and an S&P futures buying program already in place, the idea of going net long and accumulating an inventory of Dow 30 stocks is certainly a contingency plan.

If the Fed is faced with a steadily weakening dollar and a stagnant economy come Spring of 2004, and it has a choice between buying bonds in the open market and setting off alarm bells, or buying stocks from an offshore account and setting off no alarm bells, which would they prefer to do? Not a very difficult question. The PPT's front corporations will start accumulating large holdings of Dow 30 stocks. An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.

Hell, it's only printed money. Why face a depression and a place of infamy in the history books? Why not try to buy some time? "Surely a turnaround in the economy will come soon," they reason. "Surely the profit picture will improve. Surely capital expansion will begin to take place. Let's try to put off the disaster until next year. Let's authorize XYZ Corp to open the spigots and accumulate stocks for god's sake!" This is how human nature operates when facing a catastrophe, and a catastrophe is rapidly approaching our marvelous government manipulators in Washington and New York.


* * * *

2) Question number two: Wouldn't any newly printed money eventually show up in M3 calculations, which would negate any benefits of trying to increase the money supply secretly?

Yes it would eventually end up in M3, but Bob Rubin faced the same dilemma in the nineties with his gold leasing scheme to keep the dollar strong while inflating it. And it didn't seem to set off the FOREX markets. So, while M3 figures are something to be aware of, they can't be terribly important to the head boys at Treasury. What seems to be the more important alarms are things like the Fed openly dumping gold and monetizing bonds. This, they have to try and avoid if possible.

Moreover, the calculations of M3 are not exactly figures that we can go to the bank on. They are somewhat vague and subjective. Just ponder the evolution of all the M's (M2, M3, Mz, etc.) over the past decades. With the onset of computerization, it has all become an unbelievable maze of statistics. What do they say, "There are lies, damned lies, and statistics." Then there are government statistics that many believe to be severely corrupted to serve Big Brother's statist agenda. So the point is that, because of its subjectivity and lack of transparency, M3 does not constitute as dangerous an alarm bell as the actual entrance of the Fed into open market operations. Washington honchos hate clear cut signals of weakness that can't be covered up or rationalized away -- such things like the sale of gold and the monetization of bonds. Therefore, I would have to believe that the Fed and the Treasury have a strong interest in trying to secretly inject money into the economy. An offshore PPT account would be an excellent vehicle to do so.


* * * *

3) Question number three: If so many people are involved in this mega-conspiracy, why has it not been exposed by now?

There are several reasons why it remains unknown. First of all, it doesn't have to be a mega-conspiracy at all. Not a lot of people need to be involved to pull this off. For example, a Treasury higher-up sends an ex-CIA operative, known as a "stringer," to the Bahamas to establish XYZ Corp. The Treasury higher-up then establishes a salary of $250,000 per year (easily hidden in today's trillion dollar budgets) for the stringer to stay there. His mission is to buy S&P futures and accumulate inventory of Dow 30 stocks whenever it is deemed necessary. The money to fund the PPT's purchases is created in today's world by the pressing of a computer button. And with a little creative legerdemain, easily laundered through the convoluted financial derivative dealings and interrelationships of global banking.

The orders for the PPT's equity purchases then come to the designated U.S. brokers as an offshore corporation buy, not as something of government origin. So no brokers have dealings with anything known as the PPT. None of the other WGFM members (even Greenspan himself) need to know that the PPT exists and is engaged in rigging the market. They no doubt suspect that it exists, but since they see it in their best interests to tolerate such an organization, they merely look the other way and dismiss it to the public as a right-wing fantasy. Their quasi-ignorance gives them the capacity for plausible denial. They reinforce the establishment sycophants in the media (the "useful idiots") with such a viewpoint. And if the useful idiots of the press suspect such a thing exists, they quickly dismiss it because it is in their best interest not to bite the hand of the authoritarian state that feeds them. Since there is no hard proof of PPT existence, and since any belief that such a thing might exist brands one as a "conspiracy nut" at posh Washington gatherings, the lap dogs of the press, so desirous of social approval, conveniently blank out on the issue.

Human nature is such that political bureaucrats, once engaged in the pursuit of power that makes up contemporary Washington, will partake in the most abominable rationalizing to justify the ruthless careerism upon which they have embarked. As evidence, consider the administrations of every President going back to Roosevelt. Have they been examples of probity and honorable statesmanship, or have they been morasses of flagrant deal making, egregious privileges, disgraceful scandals, and rank corruption on a par with all the tyrannical humbugs of history? We're dealing with ruthless AUTHORITARIANS who have no clear ethical compasses guiding them, no clear sense of constitutional restraint. Rationalizing and blanking out on the malfeasance surrounding the job becomes one of the first skills to be learned upon arriving in Washington. After all, its for the "good of the country." Rights and legalities are for yahoos who seek a limited government world that we just can't tolerate anymore.

Added to all of this is the horrible fact that a great part of the public actually wants the PPT to be a part of their investing lives. After all the Fed intervenes into the currency markets regularly. Why shouldn't it be OK for the Fed to intervene into the stock market and the gold market? These people just don't get alarmed at such intervention because they think of it as "what government is supposed to do." They don't think of it as something sinister or detrimental. They like the idea of being "protected" from the downside moves in the stock market. And thus they don't get upset by those who warn against PPT interventions. They don't dwell on the damage that will ultimately be done to the INTEGRITY of the NYSE as such intervention begins to increase in the upcoming decades. They think short range only. As James Spader said in the movie Wall Street, "What's in it for moi?"

But if the stock market can never fall, then we don't really have a stock market do we? We have something else. We have a perma-bull market that always goes up. This is one of the reasons why the late nineties became such a huge bubble. Investors felt that Greenspan and the Fed would always come to the rescue and keep the market shored up because Greenspan had intimated this many times in his testimonies before Congress. "The Fed would never let the stock market fall again like in 1987 and 1929," was the message that went out loud and clear to both Wall Street and Main Street.

In face of this kind of government "guarantee," investors will become much more bullish than economic conditions warrant. They will bid up stocks in wild abandon, which then leads to a much more horrific collapse. By telling the market that the Fed will always shore it up whenever it is in jeopardy of plummeting, the Fed creates a much bigger bubble than would normally come about. It creates much more volatility.

Part of "legitimate" trading is the fear of loss. It is what keeps traders sane. But remove this risk, and they will not be intelligent investors in stocks anymore. They will become wild speculators consumed with greed. By trying to create a totally safe stock market, the government merely creates a more dangerous market in the long run. It makes the boom and bust swings much more severe. In search of stability, it creates the exact opposite.

This is the trend of our entire society which started back in 1913 -- the attempt to remove all risk from our endeavors by having the Federal Government "manage and manipulate" all the ups and downs and difficulties of life. It is what will ultimately enslave us in some sort of futuristic, authoritarian Brave New World. But in order to see the horrible ramifications of such a world, one has to be able to think long range. One has to be able to see the big picture of history, to understand human nature for what it is, to realize why the Constitution was written as a literal document. This is certainly not the way the New World Order crowd thinks, and it is not the way their "useful idiots" in the press think. We are being overrun by short range mentalities today, and it does not bode well for the future.


What Are We to Conclude?

I have one thing to say to the skeptics of the establishment press. We are dealing with a "Creature" of immense proportions in the Federal Government. This creature is a result of decades of ideological conditioning in the schools of three generations of Americans to accept the idea that Big Brother is necessary in order to have a smooth running economy. This creature operates in the way it does because the intelligentsia of our country has defaulted on its basic purpose -- to pursue truth and preserve freedom. While conspiracies, both profound and inconsequential, abound throughout life, they are not the PRIMARY cause of what we have wrought today. The primary cause of the creature is the ideological fallacies that have been taught to three generations of Americans. But the conspiracies act as virulent concomitants to the ideological conditioning -- integral parts of the process. This is because it is the nature of humans in pursuit of power to conspire to have more power. The PPT is a conspiracy because someone in Washington thinks that it will preserve "stability and order" for the country as well as accrue power for its initiators, and because its activities are illegitimate. It does not need to be a mega-conspiracy to function at all. The CIA is involved in thousands of illegal covert activities that have never found the light of day, have never been exposed by self-servers in pursuit of large book contracts. Police and prosecutorial corruptions are covered up by scores of participants for entire lifetimes. Why then could not a small group of clever, high-level Treasury bureaucrats and CIA stringers orchestrate the operations of the PPT while all other federal higher-ups remain conveniently out of the loop year after year?

Because the Federal Reserve's mandate prohibits the purchase of equities does not mean that it will refrain from purchasing them, as establishment reporters so naively conclude. The nature of government is that it will do whatever is necessary to preserve order. And disorder is the hallmark of our day. This disorder, and the corruption that is growing exponentially in reaction to it, cannot be overcome with puerile, flippant attacks against those who are trying to warn about its ramifications. Our country would be far better served if those who are pledged to the pursuit of truth (the media and the academy) quit fleeing from the truth. The fact that there are many conspiracy theories circulating throughout our society based upon ludicrous premises, does not mean that ALL conspiracy theories are bunk. The premise of a PPT operating to maintain order in the equity, currency, and precious metal exchanges is totally logical. It comports with the nature of government and the nature of men. Japan's government, right now, buys stocks openly. Therefore, it is certainly no stretch to assert that America's government is involved in the same pursuit, but doing it secretly because of its illegality?

All tyrannies depend for their existence upon the creation of a vast array of intelligent and well-meaning, but naive, intellectuals -- what Lenin called the "useful idiots" who will go out and proselytize the masses to convince them that things are best left up to the State, that freedom is old fashioned, and that all-powerful government is our friend. These are men and women who prefer popularity over principle. They thus lack the courage to challenge the authoritarians who are manipulating the academic, financial, and political arenas that reinforce the despotism. They are gullible minions who can be led to believe that tyranny is necessary in the modern day, that it isn't really tyranny if we don't call it that.

This has been the case throughout history. Tyrannies have always depended upon collaboration from the more pusillanimous of the citizenry. Ayn Rand called it the "sanction of the victim" in her great novel Atlas Shrugged. The Vichy government in 1940 France was based totally upon such collaborators with the Nazis. It is the same today with America's neo-fascist economic evolution. Our country's intelligentsia is being split between a large corps of collaborators (the establishment media and academia) and a small, but ever growing, band of freedom fighters (libertarian and conservative contrarians). The fact that the tyrannical aspects of the Federal Government continue to grow is testament to its power and to the complicity of the establishment collaborators throughout the academy and the media. But their days are numbered; the rebel forces are growing by leaps and bounds. Tom Paine lives. The Founders' vision has not yet been extinguished. Gold will once again reign supreme. Truth has a way of rising up in the most startling ways. It is our talisman, and it will bring these collaborators, these manipulators, down. I look forward to that day indeed.

Nelson Hultberg
April 1, 2003
Nelshultberg@aol.com

FoundingFathers
04-01-2003, 01:54 AM
Good stuff!

Thanks!

Tachyon Flare
04-01-2003, 03:16 AM
Executive Order 12631--Working Group on Financial Markets
Source: The provisions of Executive Order 12631 of Mar. 18, 1988, appear at 53 FR 9421, 3 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 1988 Comp., p. 559, unless otherwise noted.

By virtue of the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and laws of the United States of America, and in order to establish a Working Group on Financial Markets, it is hereby ordered as follows:

Section 1. Establishment. (a) There is hereby established a Working Group on Financial Markets (Working Group). The Working Group shall be composed of:
(1) the Secretary of the Treasury, or his designee;
(2) the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or his designee;
(3) the Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or his designee; and
(4) the Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, or her designee.
(b) The Secretary of the Treasury, or his designee, shall be the Chairman of the Working Group.

Section 2. Purposes and Functions. (a) Recognizing the goals of enhancing the integrity, efficiency, orderliness, and competitiveness of our Nation's financial markets and maintaining investor confidence, the Working Group shall identify and consider:
(1) the major issues raised by the numerous studies on the events in the financial markets surrounding October 19, 1987, and any of those recommendations that have the potential to achieve the goals noted above; and
(2) the actions, including governmental actions under existing laws and regulations (such as policy coordination and contingency planning), that are appropriate to carry out these recommendations.
(b) The Working Group shall consult, as appropriate, with representatives of the various exchanges, clearinghouses, self-regulatory bodies, and with major market participants to determine private sector solutions wherever possible.

(c) The Working Group shall report to the President initially within 60 days (and periodically thereafter) on its progress and, if appropriate, its views on any recommended legislative changes.

Section 3. Administration.[ (a) The heads of Executive departments, agencies, and independent instrumentalities shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide the Working Group such information as it may require for the purpose of carrying out this Order.
(b) Members of the Working Group shall serve without additional compensation for their work on the Working Group.
(c) To the extent permitted by law and subject to the availability of funds therefore, the Department of the Treasury shall provide the Working Group with such administrative and support services as may be necessary for the performance of its functions.

Tachyon Flare
04-01-2003, 03:49 AM
Plunge Protection Team
By Brett D. Fromson

Washington Post Staff Writer
Sunday, February 23, 1997; Page H01
The Washington Post

It is 2 o'clock on a hypothetical Monday afternoon, and the Dow Jones industrial average has plummeted 664 points, on top of a 847-point slide the previous week.
The chairman of the New York Stock Exchange has called the White House chief of staff and asked permission to close the world's most important stock market. By law, only the president can authorize a shutdown of U.S. financial markets.
In the Oval Office, the president confers with the members of his Working Group on Financial Markets -- the secretary of the treasury and the chairmen of the Federal Reserve Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
The officials conclude that a presidential order to close the NYSE would only add to the market's panic, so they decide to ride out the storm. The Working Group struggles to keep financial markets open so that trading can continue. By the closing bell, a modest rally is underway.
This is one of the nightmare scenarios that Washington's top financial policymakers have reviewed since Oct. 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones industrial average dropped 508 points, or 22.6 percent, in the biggest one-day loss in history. Like defense planners in the Cold War period, central bankers and financial regulators have been thinking carefully about how they would respond to the unthinkable.
An outline of the government's plans emerges in interviews with more than a dozen current and former officials who have participated in meetings of the Working Group. The group, established after the 1987 stock drop, is the government's high-level forum for discussion of financial policy.
Just last Tuesday afternoon, for example, Working Group officials gathered in a conference room at the Treasury Building. They discussed, among other topics, the risks of a stock market decline in the wake of the Dow's sudden surge past 7000, according to sources familiar with the meeting. The officials pondered whether prices in the stock market reflect a greater appetite for risk-taking by investors. Some expressed concern that the higher the stock market goes, the closer it could be to a correction, according to the sources.
These quiet meetings of the Working Group are the financial world's equivalent of the war room. The officials gather regularly to discuss options and review crisis scenarios because they know that the government's reaction to a crumbling stock market would have a critical impact on investor confidence around the world.
"The government has a real role to play to make a 1987-style sudden market break less likely. That is an issue we all spent a lot of time thinking about and planning for," said a former government official who attended Working Group meetings. "You go through lots of fire drills and scenarios. You make sure you have thought ahead of time of what kind of information you will need and what you have the legal authority to do."
In the event of a financial crisis, each federal agency with a seat at the table of the Working Group has a confidential plan. At the SEC, for example, the plan is called the "red book" because of the color of its cover. It is officially known as the Executive Directory for Market Contingencies. The major U.S. stock markets have copies of the commission's plan as well as the CFTC's.

Going to Plan A
The red book is intended to make sure that no matter what the time of day, SEC officials can reach their opposite numbers at other agencies of the U.S. government, with foreign governments, at the various stock, bond and commodity futures and options exchanges, as well as executives of the many payment and settlement systems underlying the financial markets.
"We all have everybody's home and weekend numbers," said a former Working Group staff member.
The Working Group's main goal, officials say, would be to keep the markets operating in the event of a sudden, stomach-churning plunge in stock prices -- and to prevent a panicky run on banks, brokerage firms and mutual funds. Officials worry that if investors all tried to head for the exit at the same time, there wouldn't be enough room -- or in financial terms, liquidity -- for them all to get through. In that event, the smoothly running global financial machine would begin to lock up.
This sort of liquidity crisis could imperil even healthy financial institutions that are temporarily short of cash or tradable assets such as U.S. Treasury securities. And worries about the financial strength of a major trader could cascade and cause other players to stop making payments to one another, in which case the system would seize up like an engine without oil. Even a temporary loss of liquidity would intensify financial pressure on already stressed institutions. In the 1987 crash, government officials worked feverishly -- and, ultimately, successfully -- to avoid precisely that bleak scenario.
Officials say they are confident that the conditions that led to the slide a decade ago are not present today. They cite low interest rates and a healthy economy as key differences between now and 1987. Officials also point to SEC-approved "circuit breakers" that were introduced after 1987 to give investors timeouts to calm down.
Under the SEC's rules, a drop of 350 points in the Dow would bring a 30-minute halt in NYSE trading. If the Dow declined another 200 points, trading would cease for one hour. No additional circuit breakers would operate that day, but a new set would apply the next trading day.
Despite these precautions, today's high stock market worries officials such as Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan, who in a speech in early December raised questions about "irrational exuberance" in the markets. Because the market declined following Greenspan's speech, government officials have become even more reluctant to comment on these issues for fear of triggering the very event they wish to forestall, according to policymakers.

A Brewing Concern
Greenspan had expressed similar thoughts a year ago at a confidential meeting of the Working Group. Treasury Secretary Robert E. Rubin and SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt Jr. also are concerned about the stock market's vulnerability, according to sources familiar with their views.
The four principals of the group -- Rubin, Greenspan, Levitt and CFTC Chairwoman Brooksley Born -- meet every few months, and senior staff get together more often to work on specific agenda items.
In addition to the permanent members, the head of the President's National Economic Council, the chairman of his Council of Economic Advisers, the comptroller of the currency and the president of the New York Federal Reserve Bank frequently attend Working Group sessions.
The Working Group has studied a variety of possible threats to the financial system that could ensue if stock prices go into free fall. They include: a panicky flight by mutual fund shareholders; chaos in the global payment, settlement and clearance systems; and a breakdown in international coordination among central banks, finance ministries and securities regulators, the sources said.
As chairman of the Working Group, Rubin would have overall responsibility for the U.S. response, but Greenspan probably would be the government's most important player.
"In a crisis, a lot of deference is paid to the Fed," a former member of the Working Group said. "They are the only ones with any money."
"The first and most important question for the central bank is always, 'Do you have credit problems?' " said E. Gerald Corrigan, former president of the New York Federal Reserve Bank and now an executive at Goldman Sachs & Co. "The minute some bank or investment firm says, 'Hey, maybe I'm not going to get paid -- maybe I ought to wait before I transfer these securities or make that payment,' then things get tricky. The central bank has to sense that before it happens and take steps to prevent it."

1987: A Case Study
The Fed's reaction to the 1987 market slide, which Corrigan helped oversee, is a case study in how to do it right. The Fed kept the markets going by flooding the banking system with reserves and stating publicly that it was ready to extend loans to important financial institutions, if needed.
The Fed's actions in October 1987 read like a financial war story.
The morning after the 508-point drop on Black Monday, the market began another sickening slide. Corrigan and other Fed officials strongly discouraged New York Stock Exchange Chairman John Phelan from requesting government permission to close the market. Phelan was concerned that if the market continued to erode, the capital of the NYSE member firms would disappear. Corrigan feared a shutdown would cause more panic.
"It was extraordinarily difficult around 11 o'clock," Corrigan recalled. "The market was at one point down another 250 points, and that's when the debate with Phelan took place."
Simultaneously, Corrigan and other central bank officials spoke privately with the big banks and urged them not to call loans they had made to Wall Street houses, which were collateralized by securities that could no longer be traded and whose value was in question.
A final critical moment came that day when the Fed decided not to shut down a subsidiary of the Continental Illinois Bank that was the largest lender to the commodity futures and options trading houses in Chicago. The subsidiary had run out of capital to provide financing to that market.
"Closing it would have drained all the liquidity out of the futures and options markets," said one former top Fed official involved in the decision. Investors use stock futures and options to hedge positions in the underlying stock market.
Recognizing the crucial role of banks if another financial crisis should strike, the Office of the Comptroller recently conducted an internal study of what damage a market decline would inflict on U.S. banks. The OCC declined to discuss the study or its conclusions.
At the SEC, one big worry is how to cope with an international financial crisis that begins abroad but quickly rolls into U.S. markets.
"We worry about a U.S. brokerage firm that is dealing with a Japanese insurance company, where we don't know how they are run or regulated," a SEC source said. To improve its ability to react in a crisis, the SEC and the Fed have begun joint inspections with their British counterparts of U.S. and British financial institutions with global reach.
The most drastic -- and probably unlikely -- move the SEC could take in a crisis would be to propose a market shutdown to the president. That would require a majority vote of the commission. If a quorum couldn't be mustered, the chairman could designate himself "duty officer" and go to the president or his staff.
"Closing the market is, of course, the last thing the commission wants to do," said a source familiar with the SEC's planning. "During a time when people are extremely worried about their investments, you are cutting them off from taking any action. . . . The philosophy of the commission is that markets should stay open."

Just the Facts
Gathering accurate information would be the first order of business for federal regulators.
"Intelligence gathering is critical," Corrigan said. "It depends on the willingness of major market participants to volunteer problems when they see them and to respond honestly to central bank questions."
The SEC, CFTC and Treasury have market surveillance units. They monitor not only the overall markets, but also the cash positions of all the major stock and commodity brokerages and large traders.
The regulators also are hooked into the "hoot-and-holler" system used to notify participants in all financial markets of trading halts. The hoot-and-holler system alerts traders and regulators when a halt is coming.

Relying on Quick Action
In the event of a sharp market decline, the SEC and CFTC would be in constant contact with brokerage and commodity firms to spot early signs of financial failure. If they concluded that a firm was going down, they would try to move customer positions from that firm to solvent institutions.
At least this team of crisis managers already has been through the Wall Street wars. Greenspan was Fed chairman in October 1987. Rubin has served as the co-head of investment bank Goldman Sachs & Co. Levitt has been both a Wall Street executive and president of the American Stock Exchange.
"I think the government is in good shape to handle a crisis," said Scott Pardee, senior adviser to Yamaichi International (America) Inc., a Japanese brokerage subsidiary, and former senior vice president at the New York Fed. "A lot depends on personal relationships. You have a number of seasoned people who have gone through a number of crises. So if something happens, things can be handled quickly on the phone without having to introduce people to each other."
Consider what happened at 11:30 p.m. Dec. 5, when Greenspan made his comments about irrational exuberance. Alton Harvey, head of the SEC's Market Watch unit, was called at home by officials of Globex, a futures trading system owned by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. U.S. stock futures trading in Asia had fallen to their 12-point limit, they said.
Harvey immediately alerted his direct superior as well as his opposite number at the CFTC. More senior SEC and CFTC officials were informed as well. But there wasn't much to be done until the morning. So Harvey went back to sleep.

REACTING TO A PLUNGE
After the market crashed on Oct. 29, 1929:
* The Federal Reserve provided loans and credit to financial systems.
* President Hoover met with business, labor and farm organizations to encourage capital spending and discourage layoffs; he also promised higher tariffs.
* Federal income taxes were reduced by 1 percent by the end of the year.
After the market dropped 22.6 percent on Oct. 19, 1987, the Federal Reserve:
* Encouraged the New York Stock Exchange to stay open.
* Encouraged big commercial banks not to pull loans to major Wall Street houses.
* Kept open a subsidiary of Continental Illinois Bank that was the largest lender to the commodity trading houses in Chicago.
* Flooded the banking system with money to meet financial obligations.
* Announced it was ready to extend loans to important financial institutions.
What would happen today during a stock drop would depend on the particulars. Here are current guidelines:

* If the Dow Jones industrial average falls 350 points within a trading day, NYSE trading would be halted for 30 minutes.
* If the DJIA falls another 200 points that day, trading would stop for one hour.
* If the market declines more than 550 points in a day, no further restrictions would be applied.

SOURCE: The New York Stock Exchange, "The Crash and the Aftermath" by Barrie A. Wigmore